Monad.NET.EntityFrameworkCore 1.0.0-alpha.8

Monad.NET

Monad.NET is a functional programming library for .NET that provides a robust set of monadic types for building reliable, composable, and maintainable applications.

// Transform nullable chaos into composable clarity
var result = user.ToOption()
    .Filter(u => u.IsActive)
    .Map(u => u.Email)
    .AndThen(email => SendWelcome(email))
    .Match(
        some: _ => "Email sent",
        none: () => "User not found or inactive"
    );

Author: Behrang Mohseni
License: MIT — Free for commercial and personal use

---

Table of Contents

• Why Monad.NET?
• Installation
• Quick Start
• Core Types
  • Option<T>
  • Result<T, E>
  • Either<L, R>
  • Validation<T, E>
  • Try<T>
  • RemoteData<T, E>
  • NonEmptyList<T>
  • Writer<W, T>
  • Reader<R, A>
  • State<S, A>
• Advanced Usage
• Source Generators
• ASP.NET Core Integration
• Entity Framework Core Integration
• Real-World Examples
• Performance
• FAQ
• API Reference
• Contributing
• License

---

Why Monad.NET?

Modern .NET applications demand reliability. Yet we continue to fight the same battles: null reference exceptions, swallowed errors, inconsistent error handling, and code that's difficult to reason about.

Monad.NET addresses these challenges:

Problem	Traditional Approach	Monad.NET Solution
Null references	if (x is not null) checks scattered everywhere	Option<T> makes absence explicit and composable
Error handling	Try-catch blocks, exceptions as control flow	Result<T, E> treats errors as data
Validation	Return on first error, lose context	Validation<T, E> accumulates all errors
Async state	Boolean flags (isLoading, hasError)	RemoteData<T, E> models all four states
Empty collections	Runtime exceptions on .First()	NonEmptyList<T> guarantees at least one element

Design Principles

1. Explicit over implicit — No hidden nulls, no surprise exceptions
2. Composition over inheritance — Small, focused types that combine well
3. Immutability by default — All types are immutable and thread-safe
4. Zero dependencies — Only the .NET runtime, nothing else

Which Monad Should I Use?

Scenario	Use This
A value might be missing	Option<T>
An operation can fail with an error	Result<T, E>
Need to show ALL validation errors	Validation<T, E>
Wrapping code that throws exceptions	Try<T>
UI state for async data loading	RemoteData<T, E>
A list must have at least one item	NonEmptyList<T>
Need to accumulate logs/traces	Writer<W, T>
Dependency injection without DI container	Reader<R, A>
Thread state through computations	State<S, A>
Return one of two different types	Either<L, R>

---

Installation

Requires .NET 6.0 or later.

dotnet add package Monad.NET

Package Manager Console:

Install-Package Monad.NET

PackageReference:

<PackageReference Include="Monad.NET" />

ASP.NET Core Integration (Optional)

For ASP.NET Core projects, install the integration package:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.AspNetCore

This adds IActionResult extensions, middleware, and ValidationProblemDetails support.

Source Generators (Optional)

For compile-time discriminated union support with exhaustive pattern matching:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.SourceGenerators

This generates Match methods for your custom union types, ensuring all cases are handled at compile time.

Entity Framework Core Integration (Optional)

For EF Core support with Option<T> properties and query extensions:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.EntityFrameworkCore

This adds value converters, query extensions like FirstOrNone(), and model configuration helpers.

---

Quick Start

using Monad.NET;

// Option: Handle missing values without null
Option<User> FindUser(int id) => 
    _users.TryGetValue(id, out var user) 
        ? Option<User>.Some(user) 
        : Option<User>.None();

var greeting = FindUser(42)
    .Map(u => u.Name)
    .Map(name => $"Hello, {name}!")
    .UnwrapOr("Hello, guest!");

// Result: Explicit error handling
Result<Order, OrderError> PlaceOrder(Cart cart)
{
    if (cart.IsEmpty)
        return Result<Order, OrderError>.Err(OrderError.EmptyCart);
    
    if (!cart.HasValidPayment)
        return Result<Order, OrderError>.Err(OrderError.InvalidPayment);
    
    return Result<Order, OrderError>.Ok(new Order(cart));
}

var outcome = PlaceOrder(cart)
    .Map(order => order.Id)
    .Match(
        ok: id => $"Order #{id} placed successfully",
        err: error => $"Failed: {error}"
    );

// Validation: Collect ALL errors at once
var registration = ValidateUsername(form.Username)
    .Apply(ValidateEmail(form.Email), (u, e) => (u, e))
    .Apply(ValidatePassword(form.Password), (partial, p) => 
        new Registration(partial.u, partial.e, p));

registration.Match(
    valid: reg => CreateAccount(reg),
    invalid: errors => ShowErrors(errors) // Shows ALL validation errors
);

---

Core Types

Option<T>

Represents a value that may or may not exist. Use instead of null.

// Creation
var some = Option<int>.Some(42);
var none = Option<int>.None();
var fromNullable = possiblyNull.ToOption();  // Extension method

// Transformation
var doubled = some.Map(x => x * 2);                    // Some(84)
var filtered = some.Filter(x => x > 100);              // None
var chained = some.AndThen(x => LookupValue(x));       // Chains Option-returning functions

// Extraction
var value = some.UnwrapOr(0);                          // 42
var computed = none.UnwrapOrElse(() => ComputeDefault()); // Lazy evaluation

// TryGet pattern (familiar C# idiom)
if (some.TryGet(out var result))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Got: {result}");               // Prints: Got: 42
}

// Side effects with Tap (logging, debugging)
var processed = some
    .Tap(x => Console.WriteLine($"Processing: {x}"))
    .Map(x => x * 2)
    .TapNone(() => Console.WriteLine("No value to process"));

// Pattern matching
var message = some.Match(
    some: v => $"Found: {v}",
    none: () => "Not found"
);

When to use: Any time you would return null or use Nullable<T>.

---

Result<T, E>

Represents either success (Ok) or failure (Err) with a typed error.

// Creation
var ok = Result<int, string>.Ok(42);
var err = Result<int, string>.Err("Something went wrong");

// Safe exception handling
var parsed = ResultExtensions.Try(() => int.Parse(input));
var fetched = await ResultExtensions.TryAsync(() => httpClient.GetAsync(url));

// Railway-oriented programming
var pipeline = ParseInput(raw)
    .AndThen(Validate)
    .AndThen(Transform)
    .AndThen(Save)
    .Tap(result => _logger.LogInformation("Saved: {Id}", result.Id))
    .TapErr(error => _logger.LogError("Failed: {Error}", error));

// Recovery strategies
var recovered = err.OrElse(e => FallbackStrategy(e));
var withDefault = err.UnwrapOr(defaultValue);

// TryGet pattern (familiar C# idiom)
if (ok.TryGet(out var value))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Success: {value}");
}
if (err.TryGetError(out var error))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Error: {error}");
}

// Combine multiple results
var combined = ResultExtensions.Combine(
    GetUser(userId),
    GetOrder(orderId),
    (user, order) => new UserOrder(user, order)
);

// Or combine into tuples
var tuple = ResultExtensions.Combine(result1, result2, result3);
// → Result<(T1, T2, T3), Error>

// Batch operations
var allResults = ResultExtensions.Combine(ids.Select(GetById));
// → Result<IReadOnlyList<T>, Error>

When to use: Operations that can fail with meaningful error information.

---

Either<L, R>

Represents a value of one of two types. More general than Result.

var right = Either<ValidationError, User>.Right(user);
var left = Either<ValidationError, User>.Left(error);

// Transform either side
var mapped = either.BiMap(
    left: err => err.Message,
    right: user => user.Id
);

// Swap sides
var swapped = either.Swap();

// Conversions
var asResult = either.ToResult();
var asOption = either.ToOption();  // Right → Some, Left → None

When to use: When both sides represent valid outcomes, not just success/failure.

---

Validation<T, E>

Unlike Result, validation accumulates all errors instead of short-circuiting.

Validation<string, ValidationError> ValidateEmail(string email)
{
    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
        return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Invalid(
            new ValidationError("Email", "Email is required"));
    
    if (!email.Contains('@'))
        return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Invalid(
            new ValidationError("Email", "Invalid email format"));
    
    return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Valid(email);
}

// Combine validations — errors accumulate!
var user = ValidateName(form.Name)
    .Apply(ValidateEmail(form.Email), (name, email) => (name, email))
    .Apply(ValidateAge(form.Age), (partial, age) => 
        new UserDto(partial.name, partial.email, age));

// All three can fail, and you'll see ALL errors
user.Match(
    valid: dto => CreateUser(dto),
    invalid: errors => 
    {
        foreach (var error in errors)
            Console.WriteLine($"{error.Field}: {error.Message}");
    }
);

When to use: Form validation, input validation, anywhere you need to show all errors at once.

---

Try<T>

Wraps computations that might throw, converting exceptions to values.

// Capture exceptions
var result = Try<int>.Of(() => int.Parse("not a number"));
// → Failure(FormatException)

var asyncResult = await Try<string>.OfAsync(() => 
    httpClient.GetStringAsync(url));

// Recovery
var recovered = result
    .Recover(ex => -1)                     // Returns Try<int>.Success(-1)
    .Map(x => x * 2);

// Filtering with custom exception
var positive = Try<int>.Of(() => int.Parse(input))
    .Filter(x => x > 0, "Value must be positive");

// Conversion
var asResult = result.ToResult(ex => ex.Message);
var asOption = result.ToOption();  // Success → Some, Failure → None

// TryGet pattern (familiar C# idiom)
if (result.TryGet(out var value))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Parsed: {value}");
}
if (result.TryGetException(out var ex))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Exception: {ex.Message}");
}

When to use: Interfacing with code that throws exceptions, parsing, I/O operations.

---

RemoteData<T, E>

Models the four states of asynchronous data: NotAsked, Loading, Success, Failure.

// State management
RemoteData<User, ApiError> userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.NotAsked();

async Task LoadUser(int userId)
{
    userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Loading();
    StateHasChanged();
    
    try
    {
        var user = await _api.GetUserAsync(userId);
        userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Success(user);
    }
    catch (ApiException ex)
    {
        userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Failure(ex.Error);
    }
    
    StateHasChanged();
}

// Rendering
@userData.Match(
    notAsked: () => @<button @onclick="() => LoadUser(1)">Load User</button>,
    loading: () => @<div class="spinner">Loading...</div>,
    success: user => @<UserProfile User="@user" />,
    failure: error => @<ErrorDisplay Error="@error" OnRetry="() => LoadUser(1)" />
)

When to use: UI state for async operations, replacing boolean flag combinations.

---

NonEmptyList<T>

A list guaranteed to have at least one element. Head and Reduce are always safe.

// Creation
var list = NonEmptyList<int>.Of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
var single = NonEmptyList<int>.Of(42);

// From existing collection (returns Option)
var maybeList = NonEmptyList<int>.FromEnumerable(existingList);
// → Some(list) or None if empty

// Safe operations — no exceptions possible
var first = list.Head;                           // 1 (always exists)
var last = list.Last();                          // 5 (always exists)
var sum = list.Reduce((a, b) => a + b);          // 15 (no seed needed)

// Transformations
var doubled = list.Map(x => x * 2);
var expanded = list.FlatMap(x => NonEmptyList<int>.Of(x, x * 10));

// Side effects with Tap
list.Tap(x => Console.WriteLine(x))              // Logs each element
    .TapIndexed((x, i) => Console.WriteLine($"{i}: {x}"));

// Filter returns Option (result might be empty)
var filtered = list.Filter(x => x > 10);         // None

Methods: Map, MapIndexed, FlatMap, Filter, Reduce, Fold, Tap, TapIndexed

When to use: When empty collections are invalid states (config items, selected options, etc.).

---

Writer<W, T>

Computations that produce a value alongside accumulated output (logs, traces, metrics).

// Computation with logging
var computation = Writer<List<string>, int>.Tell(1, new List<string> { "Started with 1" })
    .FlatMap(
        x => Writer<List<string>, int>.Tell(x * 2, new List<string> { $"Doubled to {x * 2}" }),
        (log1, log2) => log1.Concat(log2).ToList()
    )
    .FlatMap(
        x => Writer<List<string>, int>.Tell(x + 10, new List<string> { $"Added 10, result: {x + 10}" }),
        (log1, log2) => log1.Concat(log2).ToList()
    );

Console.WriteLine($"Result: {computation.Value}");  // 12
Console.WriteLine($"Log: {string.Join(" → ", computation.Log)}");
// Started with 1 → Doubled to 2 → Added 10, result: 12

// Side effects with Tap
var debugWriter = Writer<string, int>.Of(42, "init")
    .Tap(x => Console.WriteLine($"Value: {x}"))
    .TapLog(log => Console.WriteLine($"Log so far: {log}"));

Methods: Map, FlatMap, BiMap, Match, Tap, TapLog

When to use: Audit trails, computation tracing, accumulating metadata.

---

Reader<R, A>

Computations that depend on a shared environment. Functional dependency injection.

// Define your environment
public record AppServices(
    IUserRepository Users,
    IEmailService Email,
    ILogger Logger
);

// Build computations that depend on services
var sendWelcome = Reader<AppServices, Task>.From(async services =>
{
    var users = await services.Users.GetNewUsersAsync();
    
    foreach (var user in users)
    {
        await services.Email.SendWelcomeAsync(user.Email);
        services.Logger.LogInformation("Sent welcome to {Email}", user.Email);
    }
});

// Compose readers
var workflow = Reader<AppServices, string>.Asks(s => s.Users)
    .FlatMap(repo => Reader<AppServices, string>.From(async s =>
    {
        var count = await repo.CountAsync();
        s.Logger.LogInformation("Total users: {Count}", count);
        return $"Processed {count} users";
    }));

// Execute with environment
var services = new AppServices(userRepo, emailService, logger);
await sendWelcome.Run(services);

// Side effects with Tap
var debugReader = Reader<AppServices, string>.Asks(s => s.Users.GetName())
    .Tap(name => Console.WriteLine($"Got user: {name}"))
    .TapEnv(env => Console.WriteLine($"Using logger: {env.Logger}"));

Methods: Map, FlatMap, Tap, TapEnv, WithEnvironment

When to use: Passing configuration/services through call chains without parameter drilling.

---

State<S, A>

Computations that thread state through a sequence of operations without mutable variables.

// Counter example using State monad
var increment = State<int, Unit>.Modify(s => s + 1);
var getCount = State<int, int>.Get();

// Chain operations that read/write state
var computation = 
    from _ in increment
    from __ in increment
    from ___ in increment
    from count in getCount
    select count;

var (value, finalState) = computation.Run(0);
// value = 3, finalState = 3

// Stack example
State<List<int>, Unit> Push(int x) => 
    State<List<int>, Unit>.Modify(stack => new List<int>(stack) { x });

State<List<int>, Option<int>> Pop() => 
    State<List<int>, Option<int>>.Of(stack =>
    {
        if (stack.Count == 0)
            return (Option<int>.None(), stack);
        
        var value = stack[^1];
        var newStack = stack.Take(stack.Count - 1).ToList();
        return (Option<int>.Some(value), newStack);
    });

// Push 1, 2, 3 then pop twice
var stackOps = 
    from _ in Push(1)
    from __ in Push(2)
    from ___ in Push(3)
    from a in Pop()  // Returns 3
    from b in Pop()  // Returns 2
    select (a, b);

var result = stackOps.Run(new List<int>());
// result.Value = (Some(3), Some(2))
// result.State = [1]

Factory Methods:

• State<S, A>.Pure(value) — Return value without modifying state
• State<S, S>.Get() — Get current state as the value
• State<S, Unit>.Put(newState) — Replace state
• State<S, Unit>.Modify(f) — Transform state using a function
• State<S, A>.Gets(selector) — Extract a value from the state

Composition:

• Map(f) — Transform the value
• AndThen(f) / FlatMap(f) / Bind(f) — Chain computations
• Zip(other) / ZipWith(other, f) — Combine two state computations
• Tap(action) — Execute side effect with value (logging/debugging)
• TapState(action) — Execute side effect with state

Execution:

• Run(initialState) — Get both value and final state
• Eval(initialState) — Get only the value (discard state)
• Exec(initialState) — Get only the final state (discard value)

When to use: Simulators, interpreters, random number generators, stack-based computations, game state, any computation that needs to pass state through without mutable variables.

---

Advanced Usage

LINQ Query Syntax

All monads support LINQ for natural composition:

// Option
var result = from user in FindUser(id)
             from profile in LoadProfile(user.Id)
             where profile.IsComplete
             select new UserView(user, profile);

// Result
var order = from cart in ValidateCart(input)
            from payment in ProcessPayment(cart)
            from confirmation in CreateOrder(cart, payment)
            select confirmation;

Async Extensions

Seamless async/await integration:

var result = await Option<int>.Some(userId)
    .MapAsync(async id => await _repo.FindAsync(id))
    .AndThenAsync(async user => await ValidateAsync(user))
    .MapAsync(async user => await EnrichAsync(user));

Collection Operations

Work with sequences of monads:

// Sequence: [Option<T>] → Option<[T]>
var options = new[] { Option<int>.Some(1), Option<int>.Some(2), Option<int>.Some(3) };
var sequenced = options.Sequence();  // Some([1, 2, 3])

// Traverse: Map + Sequence in one pass
var validated = userIds.Traverse(id => ValidateUser(id));

// Partition: Separate successes and failures
var results = items.Select(Process);
var (successes, failures) = results.Partition();

// Choose: Filter and unwrap
var values = options.Choose();  // Only the Some values

Async Streams (IAsyncEnumerable)

Full support for async streams with monad-aware operations:

// Filter and unwrap Some values from an async stream
IAsyncEnumerable<Option<User>> userStream = GetUserStreamAsync();
await foreach (var user in userStream.ChooseAsync())
{
    Console.WriteLine(user.Name);  // Only Some values
}

// Safe first element from async stream
var firstUser = await userStream.FirstOrNoneAsync();
firstUser.Match(
    someFunc: u => Console.WriteLine($"Found: {u.Name}"),
    noneFunc: () => Console.WriteLine("No users")
);

// Collect only successful results
IAsyncEnumerable<Result<Order, Error>> orderStream = ProcessOrdersAsync();
await foreach (var order in orderStream.CollectOkAsync())
{
    await SaveAsync(order);
}

// Partition results into successes and failures
var (orders, errors) = await orderStream.PartitionAsync();

// Sequence: Convert stream of Options to Option of list
var allUsers = await userStream.SequenceAsync();  // Option<IReadOnlyList<User>>

// General async stream operations
var result = await dataStream
    .WhereAsync(async x => await IsValidAsync(x))
    .SelectAsync(async x => await TransformAsync(x))
    .TapAsync(async x => await LogAsync(x))
    .ToListAsync();

Deconstruction & Pattern Matching

All monads support C# deconstruction for clean pattern matching:

// Option: var (value, isSome) = option
var option = Option<int>.Some(42);
var (value, isSome) = option;
if (isSome)
    Console.WriteLine($"Got: {value}");

// Result: var (value, error, isOk) = result
var result = Result<int, string>.Ok(100);
var (val, err, isOk) = result;
Console.WriteLine(isOk ? $"Success: {val}" : $"Error: {err}");

// Try: var (value, exception, isSuccess) = tryResult
var tryResult = Try<int>.Of(() => int.Parse(input));
var (parsed, ex, success) = tryResult;

// Either: var (left, right, isRight) = either
var either = Either<string, int>.Right(42);
var (l, r, isRight) = either;

// Validation: var (value, errors, isValid) = validation
var validation = ValidateName(name);
var (validValue, errors, isValid) = validation;
if (!isValid)
    foreach (var error in errors)
        Console.WriteLine(error);

// RemoteData: full state deconstruction
var (data, error, isNotAsked, isLoading, isSuccess, isFailure) = remoteData;

Implicit Operators

Many monads support implicit conversion from values for cleaner code:

// Option: value → Some
Option<int> opt = 42;                     // Same as Option<int>.Some(42)
Option<string> none = null!;              // Same as Option<string>.None()

// Result: value → Ok
Result<int, string> result = 42;          // Same as Result<int, string>.Ok(42)

// Either: right value → Right
Either<string, int> either = 42;          // Same as Either<string, int>.Right(42)

// Try: value → Success, Exception → Failure
Try<int> success = 42;                    // Same as Try<int>.Success(42)
Try<int> failure = new Exception("oops"); // Same as Try<int>.Failure(exception)

// Validation: value → Valid
Validation<int, string> valid = 42;       // Same as Validation<int, string>.Valid(42)

// NonEmptyList: single value → single-element list
NonEmptyList<int> list = 42;              // Same as NonEmptyList<int>.Of(42)

// RemoteData: value → Success
RemoteData<int, string> data = 42;        // Same as RemoteData<int, string>.Success(42)

This is especially useful in method returns:

Result<int, string> ValidatePositive(int value)
{
    if (value <= 0)
        return Result<int, string>.Err("Must be positive");
    return value;  // Implicit conversion to Ok!
}

Try<int> SafeDivide(int a, int b)
{
    if (b == 0)
        return new DivideByZeroException();  // Implicit to Failure
    return a / b;  // Implicit to Success
}

---

Real-World Examples

API Response Handling

public async Task<Result<UserDto, ApiError>> GetUserProfileAsync(int userId)
{
    // Chain multiple API calls with automatic error propagation
    return await _httpClient.GetUserAsync(userId)
        .AndThenAsync(user => _httpClient.GetUserPreferencesAsync(user.Id))
        .MapAsync(prefs => new UserDto(user, prefs))
        .TapAsync(dto => _cache.SetAsync($"user:{userId}", dto))
        .TapErrAsync(err => _logger.LogError("Failed to get user {Id}: {Error}", userId, err));
}

// Usage in controller
[HttpGet("{id}")]
public async Task<IActionResult> GetUser(int id)
{
    return await GetUserProfileAsync(id).Match(
        ok: user => Ok(user),
        err: error => error.Code switch
        {
            "NOT_FOUND" => NotFound(),
            "UNAUTHORIZED" => Unauthorized(),
            _ => StatusCode(500, error.Message)
        }
    );
}

Form Validation Pipeline

public record CreateUserRequest(string Name, string Email, int Age);

public Validation<User, ValidationError> ValidateCreateUser(CreateUserRequest request)
{
    return ValidateName(request.Name)
        .Apply(ValidateEmail(request.Email), (name, email) => (name, email))
        .Apply(ValidateAge(request.Age), (partial, age) => 
            new User(partial.name, partial.email, age));
}

Validation<string, ValidationError> ValidateName(string name)
{
    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
        return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Invalid(
            new ValidationError("Name", "Name is required"));
    
    if (name.Length < 2)
        return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Invalid(
            new ValidationError("Name", "Name must be at least 2 characters"));
    
    return Validation<string, ValidationError>.Valid(name);
}

// Returns ALL validation errors at once
var result = ValidateCreateUser(request);
result.Match(
    valid: user => SaveUser(user),
    invalid: errors => BadRequest(new { Errors = errors })
);

Configuration with Reader Monad

public record AppConfig(string ConnectionString, string ApiKey, int MaxRetries);

// Build composable configuration-dependent operations
var getUsers = Reader<AppConfig, Task<List<User>>>.From(async config =>
{
    using var conn = new SqlConnection(config.ConnectionString);
    return await conn.QueryAsync<User>("SELECT * FROM Users").ToListAsync();
});

var enrichWithApi = Reader<AppConfig, Func<User, Task<UserWithDetails>>>.From(config =>
    async user =>
    {
        var client = new ApiClient(config.ApiKey);
        var details = await client.GetDetailsAsync(user.Id);
        return new UserWithDetails(user, details);
    });

// Compose and run
var workflow = getUsers.FlatMap(users =>
    Reader<AppConfig, Task<List<UserWithDetails>>>.From(async config =>
    {
        var enricher = enrichWithApi.Run(config);
        return await Task.WhenAll(users.Select(enricher));
    }));

var config = new AppConfig("Server=...", "api-key-123", 3);
var enrichedUsers = await workflow.Run(config);

Blazor Component with RemoteData

@page "/users/{Id:int}"

<div class="user-profile">
    @_userData.Match(
        notAsked: () => @<button @onclick="LoadUser">Load Profile</button>,
        loading: () => @<div class="skeleton-loader">
            <div class="skeleton-avatar"></div>
            <div class="skeleton-text"></div>
        </div>,
        success: user => @<article class="profile-card">
            <img src="@user.AvatarUrl" alt="@user.Name" />
            <h2>@user.Name</h2>
            <p>@user.Email</p>
            <span class="badge">@user.Role</span>
        </article>,
        failure: error => @<div class="error-state">
            <p>@error.Message</p>
            <button @onclick="LoadUser">Retry</button>
        </div>
    )
</div>

@code {
    [Parameter] public int Id { get; set; }
    
    private RemoteData<User, ApiError> _userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.NotAsked();
    
    private async Task LoadUser()
    {
        _userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Loading();
        StateHasChanged();
        
        try
        {
            var user = await _userService.GetUserAsync(Id);
            _userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Success(user);
        }
        catch (ApiException ex)
        {
            _userData = RemoteData<User, ApiError>.Failure(ex.Error);
        }
        
        StateHasChanged();
    }
}

Data Pipeline with Try

public Try<ProcessedData> ProcessDataPipeline(string rawInput)
{
    return Try<string>.Of(() => ValidateInput(rawInput))
        .FlatMap(input => Try<ParsedData>.Of(() => JsonSerializer.Deserialize<ParsedData>(input)!))
        .FlatMap(parsed => Try<EnrichedData>.Of(() => EnrichWithExternalData(parsed)))
        .FlatMap(enriched => Try<ProcessedData>.Of(() => ApplyBusinessRules(enriched)))
        .Recover(ex => ex switch
        {
            JsonException => new ProcessedData { Error = "Invalid JSON format" },
            ValidationException ve => new ProcessedData { Error = ve.Message },
            _ => throw ex  // Re-throw unexpected exceptions
        });
}

// Usage
var result = ProcessDataPipeline(userInput);
result.Match(
    success: data => Console.WriteLine($"Processed: {data}"),
    failure: ex => Console.WriteLine($"Pipeline failed: {ex.Message}")
);

NonEmptyList for Business Rules

// Ensure at least one admin exists
public Result<NonEmptyList<User>, BusinessError> GetSystemAdmins()
{
    var admins = _userRepository.GetAll()
        .Where(u => u.Role == Role.Admin)
        .ToList();
    
    return NonEmptyList<User>.FromEnumerable(admins)
        .OkOr(BusinessError.NoAdminsConfigured);
}

// Safe aggregation without null checks
public decimal CalculateAverageOrderValue(NonEmptyList<Order> orders)
{
    // Reduce is always safe — list is guaranteed non-empty
    var total = orders.Reduce((acc, order) => 
        new Order { Total = acc.Total + order.Total }).Total;
    
    return total / orders.Count;
}

---

Source Generators

The Monad.NET.SourceGenerators package provides compile-time code generation for discriminated unions, reducing boilerplate and ensuring exhaustive pattern matching:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.SourceGenerators

Creating Discriminated Unions

Mark your abstract record or class with [Union] and the generator creates Match methods automatically:

using Monad.NET;

[Union]
public abstract partial record Shape
{
    public partial record Circle(double Radius) : Shape;
    public partial record Rectangle(double Width, double Height) : Shape;
    public partial record Triangle(double Base, double Height) : Shape;
}

Generated Match Methods

The generator creates both returning and void Match methods:

// Pattern matching with return value
Shape shape = new Shape.Circle(5.0);

var area = shape.Match(
    circle: c => Math.PI * c.Radius * c.Radius,
    rectangle: r => r.Width * r.Height,
    triangle: t => 0.5 * t.Base * t.Height
);

// Pattern matching with side effects
shape.Match(
    circle: c => Console.WriteLine($"Circle: r={c.Radius}"),
    rectangle: r => Console.WriteLine($"Rectangle: {r.Width}x{r.Height}"),
    triangle: t => Console.WriteLine($"Triangle: b={t.Base}, h={t.Height}")
);

Real-World Examples

Domain Events:

[Union]
public abstract partial record DomainEvent
{
    public partial record UserRegistered(Guid UserId, string Email) : DomainEvent;
    public partial record OrderPlaced(Guid OrderId, decimal Total) : DomainEvent;
    public partial record PaymentReceived(Guid PaymentId, decimal Amount) : DomainEvent;
}

// Exhaustive handling - compiler ensures all cases are covered
void HandleEvent(DomainEvent evt) => evt.Match(
    userRegistered: e => SendWelcomeEmail(e.Email),
    orderPlaced: e => NotifyWarehouse(e.OrderId),
    paymentReceived: e => UpdateLedger(e.PaymentId, e.Amount)
);

Expression Trees:

[Union]
public abstract partial record Expr
{
    public partial record Literal(int Value) : Expr;
    public partial record Add(Expr Left, Expr Right) : Expr;
    public partial record Multiply(Expr Left, Expr Right) : Expr;
}

int Evaluate(Expr expr) => expr.Match(
    literal: l => l.Value,
    add: a => Evaluate(a.Left) + Evaluate(a.Right),
    multiply: m => Evaluate(m.Left) * Evaluate(m.Right)
);

// (2 + 3) * 4 = 20
var expr = new Expr.Multiply(
    new Expr.Add(new Expr.Literal(2), new Expr.Literal(3)),
    new Expr.Literal(4)
);
var result = Evaluate(expr); // 20

HTTP Responses:

[Union]
public abstract partial record ApiResponse<T>
{
    public partial record Success(T Data) : ApiResponse<T>;
    public partial record NotFound(string Message) : ApiResponse<T>;
    public partial record ValidationError(IReadOnlyList<string> Errors) : ApiResponse<T>;
    public partial record ServerError(Exception Ex) : ApiResponse<T>;
}

IActionResult ToActionResult<T>(ApiResponse<T> response) => response.Match(
    success: s => new OkObjectResult(s.Data),
    notFound: n => new NotFoundObjectResult(n.Message),
    validationError: v => new BadRequestObjectResult(v.Errors),
    serverError: e => new ObjectResult(e.Ex.Message) { StatusCode = 500 }
);

Requirements

• Types must be abstract and partial
• Nested types must inherit from the parent type
• Works with both record and class types

---

ASP.NET Core Integration

The Monad.NET.AspNetCore package provides seamless integration with ASP.NET Core:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.AspNetCore

IActionResult Extensions

Convert monad types directly to HTTP responses:

using Monad.NET;
using Monad.NET.AspNetCore;

[ApiController]
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class UsersController : ControllerBase
{
    // Option → 200 OK or 404 Not Found
    [HttpGet("{id}")]
    public IActionResult GetUser(int id)
    {
        return _userService.FindUser(id)
            .ToActionResult("User not found");
    }

    // Result → 200 OK or error status code
    [HttpPost]
    public IActionResult CreateUser(CreateUserRequest request)
    {
        return _userService.CreateUser(request)
            .ToCreatedResult($"/api/users/{request.Id}");
    }

    // Validation → 422 with RFC 7807 ValidationProblemDetails
    [HttpPut("{id}")]
    public IActionResult UpdateUser(int id, UpdateUserRequest request)
    {
        return ValidateRequest(request)
            .ToValidationProblemResult();
    }

    // Async support
    [HttpGet("{id}/profile")]
    public async Task<IActionResult> GetProfile(int id)
    {
        return await _userService.GetProfileAsync(id)
            .ToActionResultAsync();
    }
}

Exception Handling Middleware

Catch unhandled exceptions and return consistent Result-style responses:

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseResultExceptionHandler(options =>
{
    options.IncludeExceptionDetails = app.Environment.IsDevelopment();
});

app.MapControllers();

Available Extensions

Monad	Method	Success	Failure
Option<T>	ToActionResult()	200 OK	404 Not Found
Result<T,E>	ToActionResult()	200 OK	Custom status code
Result<T,E>	ToCreatedResult(location)	201 Created	Custom status code
Result<T,E>	ToNoContentResult()	204 No Content	Custom status code
Validation<T,E>	ToValidationProblemResult()	200 OK	422 with ValidationProblemDetails
Either<L,R>	ToActionResult()	200 OK (Right)	Custom status code (Left)
Try<T>	ToActionResult()	200 OK	500 Internal Server Error

All extensions have async variants (ToActionResultAsync).

---

Entity Framework Core Integration

The Monad.NET.EntityFrameworkCore package provides seamless integration with EF Core:

dotnet add package Monad.NET.EntityFrameworkCore

Value Converters

Use Option<T> as entity properties with automatic conversion to nullable database columns:

public class User
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; } = "";
    public Option<string> Email { get; set; }    // Stored as nullable varchar
    public Option<int> Age { get; set; }         // Stored as nullable int
}

// In DbContext
protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
    modelBuilder.Entity<User>(entity =>
    {
        entity.Property(e => e.Email)
            .HasConversion(new OptionValueConverter<string>());

        entity.Property(e => e.Age)
            .HasConversion(new OptionStructValueConverter<int>());
    });
}

Query Extensions

Safely query data with Option-returning methods:

// Returns Option<User> instead of throwing or returning null
var user = await context.Users.FirstOrNoneAsync(u => u.Name == "John");

user.Match(
    some: u => Console.WriteLine($"Found: {u.Name}"),
    none: () => Console.WriteLine("User not found")
);

// Other query extensions
await context.Users.SingleOrNoneAsync(u => u.Id == id);
await context.Users.ElementAtOrNoneAsync(0);
await context.Users.LastOrNoneAsync(u => u.IsActive);

Available Extensions

Method	Description
FirstOrNone()	First element or None
FirstOrNoneAsync()	Async variant
SingleOrNone()	Single element or None (throws if multiple)
SingleOrNoneAsync()	Async variant
ElementAtOrNone(index)	Element at index or None
ElementAtOrNoneAsync(index)	Async variant
LastOrNone()	Last element or None
LastOrNoneAsync()	Async variant

---

Performance

Monad.NET is designed for correctness and safety first, but performance is still a priority:

Aspect	Details
Struct-based	Option<T>, Result<T,E>, Try<T>, etc. are readonly struct — no heap allocations
No boxing	Generic implementations avoid boxing value types
Lazy evaluation	UnwrapOrElse, OrElse use Func<> for deferred computation
Zero allocations	Most operations on value types are allocation-free

When to Consider Alternatives

• Hot paths with millions of iterations — The abstraction has minimal overhead, but raw if statements may be faster in extreme cases
• Interop with existing code — If your codebase heavily uses exceptions, gradual adoption is recommended

Benchmarks

For typical use cases, the overhead is negligible (nanoseconds). The safety guarantees and code clarity typically outweigh any micro-optimization concerns.

---

FAQ

Can I use Monad.NET with Entity Framework?

Yes! Use Option<T> for optional relationships and Result<T, E> for operations that might fail:

public async Task<Result<User, DbError>> GetUserAsync(int id)
{
    try
    {
        var user = await _context.Users.FindAsync(id);
        return user is not null
            ? Result<User, DbError>.Ok(user)
            : Result<User, DbError>.Err(DbError.NotFound);
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        return Result<User, DbError>.Err(DbError.ConnectionFailed(ex.Message));
    }
}

Can I use Monad.NET with ASP.NET Core?

Absolutely. It works well with minimal APIs and controllers:

app.MapGet("/users/{id}", async (int id, UserService service) =>
{
    return await service.GetUserAsync(id)
        .Match(
            ok: user => Results.Ok(user),
            err: error => error switch
            {
                DbError.NotFound => Results.NotFound(),
                _ => Results.Problem(error.Message)
            }
        );
});

How do I convert between monad types?

Each type provides conversion methods:

// Option → Result
Option<int>.Some(42).OkOr("No value");  // Ok(42)
Option<int>.None().OkOr("No value");    // Err("No value")

// Result → Option
Result<int, string>.Ok(42).Ok();        // Some(42)
Result<int, string>.Err("oops").Ok();   // None

// Try → Result
Try<int>.Of(() => int.Parse("42")).ToResult(ex => ex.Message);

// Validation → Result
validation.ToResult();  // Errors become IReadOnlyList<E>

Is Monad.NET thread-safe?

Yes. All types are immutable readonly struct with no shared mutable state.

What's the difference between Result and Either?

• Result<T, E> — Semantically means success or failure. Right-biased (operations work on Ok).
• Either<L, R> — General "one of two types" with no success/failure implication. Can work on either side.

Use Result for error handling. Use Either when both sides are valid outcomes (e.g., Either<CachedValue, FreshValue>).

What's the difference between Result and Validation?

• Result — Short-circuits on first error (like &&)
• Validation — Accumulates ALL errors (for showing multiple validation messages)

// Result: stops at first error
var result = ValidateName(name)
    .AndThen(_ => ValidateEmail(email))   // Won't run if name fails
    .AndThen(_ => ValidateAge(age));

// Validation: collects all errors
var validation = ValidateName(name)
    .Apply(ValidateEmail(email), (n, e) => (n, e))
    .Apply(ValidateAge(age), (partial, a) => new User(partial.n, partial.e, a));
// Shows: "Name required", "Invalid email", "Age must be positive"

---

API Reference

Full API documentation is available in docs/API.md.

---

Contributing

Contributions are welcome. Please read CONTRIBUTING.md for guidelines.

Development requirements:

• .NET 8.0 SDK or later
• Your preferred IDE (Visual Studio, Rider, VS Code)

git clone https://github.com/behrangmohseni/Monad.NET.git
cd Monad.NET
dotnet build
dotnet test

---

License

This project is licensed under the MIT License.

You are free to use, modify, and distribute this library in both commercial and open-source projects. See LICENSE for details.

---

Monad.NET — Functional programming for the pragmatic .NET developer.

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