Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore 2.0.0-preview1-final

Prefix Reserved
.NET Standard 1.3 This package targets .NET Standard 1.3. The package is compatible with this framework or higher. .NET Framework 4.6 This package targets .NET Framework 4.6. The package is compatible with this framework or higher.
Additional Details

This package has been deprecated as part of the .NET Package Deprecation effort. You can learn more about it from https://github.com/dotnet/announcements/issues/217

This is a prerelease version of Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.
There is a newer version of this package available.
See the version list below for details. 
dotnet add package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore --version 2.0.0-preview1-final
                    


                    

                
NuGet\Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore -Version 2.0.0-preview1-final
This command is intended to be used within the Package Manager Console in Visual Studio, as it uses the NuGet module's version of Install-Package. 
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="2.0.0-preview1-final" />
For projects that support PackageReference, copy this XML node into the project file to reference the package. 
<PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="2.0.0-preview1-final" />
                    


                            Directory.Packages.props
                        

                    

                
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" />
                    


                            Project file
For projects that support Central Package Management (CPM), copy this XML node into the solution Directory.Packages.props file to version the package. 
paket add Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore --version 2.0.0-preview1-final
                    


                    

                
#r "nuget: Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore, 2.0.0-preview1-final"
#r directive can be used in F# Interactive and Polyglot Notebooks. Copy this into the interactive tool or source code of the script to reference the package. 
#:package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore@2.0.0-preview1-final
#:package directive can be used in C# file-based apps starting in .NET 10 preview 4. Copy this into a .cs file before any lines of code to reference the package. 
#addin nuget:?package=Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore&version=2.0.0-preview1-final&prerelease
                    


                            Install as a Cake Addin
                        

                    

                
#tool nuget:?package=Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore&version=2.0.0-preview1-final&prerelease
                    


                            Install as a Cake Tool

Entity Framework Core is a lightweight and extensible version of the popular Entity Framework data access technology.

Commonly Used Types:
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbSet

Product Compatible and additional computed target framework versions.
.NET net5.0 was computed.  net5.0-windows was computed.  net6.0 was computed.  net6.0-android was computed.  net6.0-ios was computed.  net6.0-maccatalyst was computed.  net6.0-macos was computed.  net6.0-tvos was computed.  net6.0-windows was computed.  net7.0 was computed.  net7.0-android was computed.  net7.0-ios was computed.  net7.0-maccatalyst was computed.  net7.0-macos was computed.  net7.0-tvos was computed.  net7.0-windows was computed.  net8.0 was computed.  net8.0-android was computed.  net8.0-browser was computed.  net8.0-ios was computed.  net8.0-maccatalyst was computed.  net8.0-macos was computed.  net8.0-tvos was computed.  net8.0-windows was computed.  net9.0 was computed.  net9.0-android was computed.  net9.0-browser was computed.  net9.0-ios was computed.  net9.0-maccatalyst was computed.  net9.0-macos was computed.  net9.0-tvos was computed.  net9.0-windows was computed.  net10.0 was computed.  net10.0-android was computed.  net10.0-browser was computed.  net10.0-ios was computed.  net10.0-maccatalyst was computed.  net10.0-macos was computed.  net10.0-tvos was computed.  net10.0-windows was computed. 
.NET Core netcoreapp1.0 was computed.  netcoreapp1.1 was computed.  netcoreapp2.0 was computed.  netcoreapp2.1 was computed.  netcoreapp2.2 was computed.  netcoreapp3.0 was computed.  netcoreapp3.1 was computed. 
.NET Standard netstandard1.3 is compatible.  netstandard1.4 was computed.  netstandard1.5 was computed.  netstandard1.6 was computed.  netstandard2.0 was computed.  netstandard2.1 was computed. 
.NET Framework net46 is compatible.  net461 was computed.  net462 was computed.  net463 was computed.  net47 was computed.  net471 was computed.  net472 was computed.  net48 was computed.  net481 was computed. 
MonoAndroid monoandroid was computed. 
MonoMac monomac was computed. 
MonoTouch monotouch was computed. 
Tizen tizen30 was computed.  tizen40 was computed.  tizen60 was computed. 
Universal Windows Platform uap was computed.  uap10.0 was computed. 
Xamarin.iOS xamarinios was computed. 
Xamarin.Mac xamarinmac was computed. 
Xamarin.TVOS xamarintvos was computed. 
Xamarin.WatchOS xamarinwatchos was computed. 
Compatible target framework(s)
Included target framework(s) (in package)
Learn more about Target Frameworks and .NET Standard.

NuGet packages (10.0K)

Showing the top 5 NuGet packages that depend on Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore:

Package Downloads
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Relational

Shared Entity Framework Core components for relational database providers.
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.InMemory

In-memory database provider for Entity Framework Core (to be used for testing purposes).
Npgsql.EntityFrameworkCore.PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL/Npgsql provider for Entity Framework Core.
Microsoft.VisualStudio.Web.CodeGenerators.Mvc

Code Generators for ASP.NET Core MVC. Contains code generators for MVC Controllers and Views.
Microsoft.VisualStudio.Web.CodeGeneration.Design

Code Generation tool for ASP.NET Core. Contains the dotnet-aspnet-codegenerator command used for generating controllers and views.

GitHub repositories (589)

Showing the top 20 popular GitHub repositories that depend on Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore:

Repository Stars
abpframework/abp
Open-source web application framework for ASP.NET Core! Offers an opinionated architecture to build enterprise software solutions with best practices on top of the .NET. Provides the fundamental infrastructure, cross-cutting-concern implementations, startup templates, application modules, UI themes, tooling and documentation.
kgrzybek/modular-monolith-with-ddd
Full Modular Monolith application with Domain-Driven Design approach.
dotnet/AspNetCore.Docs
Documentation for ASP.NET Core
aspnetboilerplate/aspnetboilerplate
ASP.NET Boilerplate - Web Application Framework
dodyg/practical-aspnetcore
Practical samples of ASP.NET Core 10, 9, 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 3.1, 2.2, and 2.1,projects you can use. Readme contains explanations on all projects.
davidfowl/AspNetCoreDiagnosticScenarios
This repository has examples of broken patterns in ASP.NET Core applications
RayWangQvQ/BiliBiliToolPro
B 站（bilibili）自动任务工具，支持docker、青龙、k8s等多种部署方式。敏感肌也能用。
btcpayserver/btcpayserver
Accept Bitcoin payments. Free, open-source & self-hosted, Bitcoin payment processor.
EduardoPires/EquinoxProject
Web Application ASP.NET 9 using Clean Architecture, DDD, CQRS, Event Sourcing and a lot of good practices
fullstackhero/dotnet-starter-kit
Production Grade Cloud-Ready .NET 10 Starter Kit (Web API + Blazor Client) with Multitenancy Support, and Clean/Modular Architecture that saves roughly 200+ Development Hours! All Batteries Included.
ldqk/Masuit.Tools
全龄段友好的C#万能工具库，码数吐司库，包含一些常用的操作类，大都是静态类，加密解密，反射操作，权重随机筛选算法，分布式短id，表达式树，linq扩展，文件压缩，多线程下载，硬件信息，字符串扩展方法，日期时间扩展操作，中国农历，大文件拷贝，图像裁剪，验证码，断点续传，集合扩展、Excel导出等常用封装。诸多功能集一身，代码量不到2MB！
graphql-dotnet/graphql-dotnet
GraphQL for .NET
danielgerlag/workflow-core
Lightweight workflow engine for .NET Standard
ChilliCream/graphql-platform
Welcome to the home of the Hot Chocolate GraphQL server for .NET, the Strawberry Shake GraphQL client for .NET and Nitro the awesome Monaco based GraphQL IDE.
DearVa/Everywhere
Context-aware AI assistant for your desktop. Ready to respond intelligently, seamlessly integrating multiple LLMs and MCP tools.
jasontaylordev/NorthwindTraders
Northwind Traders is a sample application built using ASP.NET Core and Entity Framework Core.
immense/Remotely
A remote control and remote scripting solution, built with .NET 8, Blazor, and SignalR.
MapsterMapper/Mapster
A fast, fun and stimulating object to object Mapper
microsoft/fluentui-blazor
Microsoft Fluent UI Blazor components library. For use with ASP.NET Core Blazor applications
dotnetcore/Util
Util是一个.Net平台下的应用框架，旨在提升中小团队的开发能力，由工具类、分层架构基类、Ui组件，配套代码生成模板，权限等组成。
Version Downloads Last Updated
10.0.2 452,639 1/13/2026
10.0.1 2,366,682 12/9/2025
10.0.0 4,271,550 11/11/2025
10.0.0-rc.2.25502.107 384,492 10/14/2025
10.0.0-rc.1.25451.107 171,975 9/9/2025
10.0.0-preview.7.25380.108 55,387 8/12/2025
10.0.0-preview.6.25358.103 19,238 7/15/2025
10.0.0-preview.5.25277.114 66,157 6/6/2025
10.0.0-preview.4.25258.110 31,419 5/12/2025
10.0.0-preview.3.25171.6 22,623 4/10/2025
10.0.0-preview.2.25163.8 93,987 3/18/2025
10.0.0-preview.1.25081.1 16,166 2/25/2025
9.0.12 133,207 1/13/2026
9.0.11 2,948,080 11/11/2025
9.0.10 6,254,295 10/14/2025
9.0.9 8,861,685 9/9/2025
9.0.8 8,275,580 8/5/2025
9.0.7 6,727,773 7/8/2025
9.0.6 7,512,257 6/10/2025
9.0.5 9,188,553 5/13/2025
9.0.4 11,420,205 4/8/2025
9.0.3 9,857,928 3/11/2025
9.0.2 11,033,461 2/11/2025
9.0.1 30,043,758 1/14/2025
9.0.0 32,582,004 11/12/2024
9.0.0-rc.2.24474.1 255,174 10/8/2024
9.0.0-rc.1.24451.1 158,942 9/10/2024
9.0.0-preview.7.24405.3 119,378 8/13/2024
9.0.0-preview.6.24327.4 248,808 7/9/2024
9.0.0-preview.5.24306.3 75,265 6/11/2024
9.0.0-preview.4.24267.1 76,945 5/21/2024
9.0.0-preview.3.24172.4 194,070 4/11/2024
9.0.0-preview.2.24128.4 92,895 3/12/2024
9.0.0-preview.1.24081.2 151,400 2/13/2024
8.0.23 107,563 1/13/2026
8.0.22 2,134,680 11/11/2025
8.0.21 1,703,269 10/14/2025
8.0.20 2,441,931 9/9/2025
8.0.19 3,741,666 8/5/2025
8.0.18 2,419,195 7/8/2025
8.0.17 4,033,327 6/10/2025
8.0.16 3,832,832 5/13/2025
8.0.15 5,222,394 4/8/2025
8.0.14 6,634,409 3/11/2025
8.0.13 9,427,592 2/11/2025
8.0.12 7,605,235 1/14/2025
8.0.11 34,952,484 11/12/2024
8.0.10 32,186,416 10/8/2024
8.0.8 37,053,882 8/13/2024
8.0.7 21,785,969 7/9/2024
8.0.6 24,098,512 5/28/2024
8.0.5 10,002,979 5/14/2024
8.0.4 39,729,546 4/9/2024
8.0.3 15,234,921 3/12/2024
8.0.2 32,840,805 2/13/2024
8.0.1 19,927,338 1/9/2024
8.0.0 70,195,404 11/14/2023
8.0.0-rc.2.23480.1 599,204 10/10/2023
8.0.0-rc.1.23419.6 165,677 9/12/2023
8.0.0-preview.7.23375.4 138,458 8/8/2023
8.0.0-preview.6.23329.4 252,976 7/11/2023
8.0.0-preview.5.23280.1 221,883 6/13/2023
8.0.0-preview.4.23259.3 152,752 5/16/2023
8.0.0-preview.3.23174.2 355,573 4/11/2023
8.0.0-preview.2.23128.3 205,362 3/14/2023
8.0.0-preview.1.23111.4 144,334 2/21/2023
7.0.20 5,916,614 5/28/2024
7.0.19 668,507 5/14/2024
7.0.18 3,127,044 4/9/2024
7.0.17 1,883,569 3/12/2024
7.0.16 2,413,460 2/13/2024
7.0.15 3,753,886 1/9/2024
7.0.14 6,926,648 11/14/2023
7.0.13 8,140,785 10/24/2023
7.0.12 4,855,895 10/10/2023
7.0.11 15,969,471 9/12/2023
7.0.10 10,892,938 8/8/2023
7.0.9 10,265,516 7/11/2023
7.0.8 6,133,506 6/22/2023
7.0.7 4,191,412 6/13/2023
7.0.5 28,995,463 4/11/2023
7.0.4 10,140,784 3/14/2023
7.0.3 15,142,398 2/14/2023
7.0.2 21,022,117 1/10/2023
7.0.1 11,321,663 12/13/2022
7.0.0 38,620,283 11/7/2022
7.0.0-rc.2.22472.11 238,790 10/11/2022
7.0.0-rc.1.22426.7 225,018 9/14/2022
7.0.0-preview.7.22376.2 106,752 8/9/2022
7.0.0-preview.6.22329.4 80,962 7/12/2022
7.0.0-preview.5.22302.2 67,551 6/14/2022
7.0.0-preview.4.22229.2 95,209 5/10/2022
7.0.0-preview.3.22175.1 80,195 4/13/2022
7.0.0-preview.2.22153.1 87,609 3/14/2022
7.0.0-preview.1.22076.6 60,516 2/17/2022
6.0.36 3,450,629 11/12/2024
6.0.35 1,047,292 10/8/2024
6.0.33 2,630,627 8/13/2024
6.0.32 1,036,084 7/9/2024
6.0.31 1,374,630 5/28/2024
6.0.30 776,526 5/14/2024
6.0.29 3,581,000 4/9/2024
6.0.28 2,017,455 3/12/2024
6.0.27 2,246,724 2/13/2024
6.0.26 3,095,455 1/9/2024
6.0.25 4,213,589 11/14/2023
6.0.24 2,106,413 10/24/2023
6.0.23 1,384,059 10/10/2023
6.0.22 3,774,257 9/12/2023
6.0.21 4,003,632 8/8/2023
6.0.20 3,222,776 7/11/2023
6.0.19 2,743,870 6/22/2023
6.0.18 1,417,457 6/13/2023
6.0.16 8,314,606 4/11/2023
6.0.15 4,574,739 3/14/2023
6.0.14 5,687,531 2/14/2023
6.0.13 7,513,140 1/10/2023
6.0.12 11,857,069 12/13/2022
6.0.11 10,674,071 11/7/2022
6.0.10 18,713,692 10/11/2022
6.0.9 16,397,632 9/13/2022
6.0.8 19,795,502 8/9/2022
6.0.7 53,648,140 7/12/2022
6.0.6 16,076,930 6/14/2022
6.0.5 24,332,861 5/10/2022
6.0.4 19,027,660 4/11/2022
6.0.3 27,971,575 3/8/2022
6.0.2 21,048,664 2/8/2022
6.0.1 35,809,587 12/14/2021
6.0.0 81,872,792 11/8/2021
6.0.0-rc.2.21480.5 339,959 10/12/2021
6.0.0-rc.1.21452.10 277,030 9/14/2021
6.0.0-preview.7.21378.4 104,062 8/10/2021
6.0.0-preview.6.21352.1 45,724 7/14/2021
6.0.0-preview.5.21301.9 197,000 6/15/2021
6.0.0-preview.4.21253.1 80,238 5/24/2021
6.0.0-preview.3.21201.2 104,379 4/8/2021
6.0.0-preview.2.21154.2 75,447 3/11/2021
6.0.0-preview.1.21102.2 99,481 2/12/2021
5.0.17 8,796,789 5/10/2022 5.0.17 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.16 1,595,131 4/11/2022 5.0.16 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.15 2,466,538 3/8/2022 5.0.15 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.14 2,474,593 2/8/2022 5.0.14 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.13 4,758,175 12/14/2021 5.0.13 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.12 5,083,451 11/7/2021 5.0.12 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.11 8,849,178 10/12/2021 5.0.11 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.10 14,390,415 9/14/2021 5.0.10 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.9 10,911,123 8/10/2021 5.0.9 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.8 10,348,069 7/13/2021 5.0.8 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.7 15,437,052 6/8/2021 5.0.7 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.6 8,621,638 5/11/2021 5.0.6 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.5 12,102,489 4/6/2021 5.0.5 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.4 8,754,046 3/9/2021 5.0.4 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.3 8,358,719 2/9/2021 5.0.3 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.2 10,862,809 1/12/2021 5.0.2 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.1 16,941,342 12/8/2020 5.0.1 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.0 29,271,036 11/9/2020 5.0.0 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
5.0.0-rc.2.20475.6 393,676 10/13/2020
5.0.0-rc.1.20451.13 324,506 9/14/2020
5.0.0-preview.8.20407.4 211,646 8/25/2020
5.0.0-preview.7.20365.15 120,081 7/21/2020
5.0.0-preview.6.20312.4 65,247 6/25/2020
5.0.0-preview.5.20278.2 51,855 6/10/2020
5.0.0-preview.4.20220.10 75,156 5/18/2020
5.0.0-preview.3.20181.2 96,017 4/23/2020
5.0.0-preview.2.20159.4 63,467 4/2/2020
5.0.0-preview.2.20120.8 46,677 3/16/2020
3.1.32 8,750,162 12/13/2022
3.1.31 1,975,413 11/8/2022
3.1.30 924,179 10/11/2022
3.1.29 1,620,081 9/13/2022
3.1.28 1,008,794 8/9/2022
3.1.27 883,820 7/12/2022
3.1.26 751,913 6/14/2022
3.1.25 1,206,758 5/10/2022
3.1.24 714,941 4/11/2022
3.1.23 1,156,508 3/8/2022
3.1.22 4,042,497 12/14/2021
3.1.21 2,795,342 11/7/2021
3.1.20 1,809,840 10/11/2021
3.1.19 2,626,573 9/14/2021
3.1.18 6,111,833 8/10/2021
3.1.17 2,032,796 7/13/2021
3.1.16 2,520,452 6/8/2021
3.1.15 3,155,956 5/11/2021
3.1.14 3,309,653 4/6/2021
3.1.13 5,008,485 3/9/2021
3.1.12 3,163,805 2/9/2021
3.1.11 5,730,486 1/12/2021
3.1.10 8,700,266 11/9/2020
3.1.9 12,609,230 10/13/2020
3.1.8 18,304,746 9/8/2020
3.1.7 10,701,053 8/11/2020
3.1.6 11,320,654 7/14/2020
3.1.5 13,390,938 6/9/2020
3.1.4 18,837,724 5/12/2020
3.1.3 29,483,460 3/24/2020
3.1.2 12,410,752 2/19/2020
3.1.1 21,258,295 1/14/2020
3.1.0 36,651,089 12/3/2019
3.1.0-preview3.19554.8 172,769 11/13/2019
3.1.0-preview2.19525.5 33,703 11/1/2019
3.1.0-preview1.19506.2 801,382 10/15/2019
3.0.3 214,802 2/19/2020
3.0.2 96,296 1/14/2020
3.0.1 1,473,338 11/18/2019
3.0.0 20,101,437 9/23/2019
3.0.0-rc1.19456.14 47,616 9/16/2019
3.0.0-preview9.19423.6 1,408,305 9/4/2019
3.0.0-preview8.19405.11 444,413 8/13/2019
3.0.0-preview7.19362.6 101,104 7/23/2019
3.0.0-preview6.19304.10 176,829 6/12/2019
3.0.0-preview5.19227.1 723,130 5/6/2019
3.0.0-preview4.19216.3 23,469 4/18/2019
3.0.0-preview3.19153.1 211,338 3/6/2019
3.0.0-preview.19074.3 33,469 1/29/2019
3.0.0-preview.18572.1 49,596 12/3/2018
2.3.0 90,339 1/14/2025
2.2.6 33,245,556 7/9/2019 2.2.6 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.4 20,209,269 4/9/2019 2.2.4 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.3 5,497,771 3/11/2019 2.2.3 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.2 6,651,432 2/12/2019 2.2.2 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.1 7,073,463 1/8/2019 2.2.1 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.0 23,402,389 12/3/2018 2.2.0 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.2.0-preview3-35497 187,635 10/17/2018
2.2.0-preview2-35157 159,391 9/12/2018
2.2.0-preview1-35029 86,963 8/22/2018
2.1.14 4,229,258 11/18/2019
2.1.11 3,804,595 5/14/2019
2.1.8 4,011,296 2/12/2019
2.1.4 15,990,205 10/1/2018
2.1.3 5,047,464 9/11/2018
2.1.2 8,323,326 8/21/2018
2.1.1 18,344,522 6/18/2018
2.1.0 13,816,205 5/29/2018
2.1.0-rc1-final 233,018 5/6/2018
2.1.0-preview2-final 219,335 4/10/2018
2.1.0-preview1-final 330,199 2/26/2018
2.0.3 5,686,339 5/7/2018 2.0.3 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.0.2 6,981,644 3/13/2018 2.0.2 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.0.1 13,094,479 11/14/2017 2.0.1 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.0.0 29,085,476 8/11/2017 2.0.0 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.0.0-preview2-final 99,878 6/28/2017 2.0.0-preview2-final is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
2.0.0-preview1-final 1,169,064 5/10/2017 2.0.0-preview1-final is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.6 6,541,448 7/10/2018 1.1.6 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.5 1,301,279 12/12/2017 1.1.5 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.4 248,632 11/14/2017 1.1.4 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.3 327,315 9/20/2017 1.1.3 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.2 5,405,103 5/9/2017 1.1.2 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.1 3,509,612 3/6/2017 1.1.1 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.0 8,581,616 11/16/2016 1.1.0 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.1.0-preview1-final 48,218 10/24/2016 1.1.0-preview1-final is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.6 71,226 11/14/2017 1.0.6 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.5 58,785 9/20/2017 1.0.5 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.4 74,532 5/9/2017 1.0.4 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.3 758,556 3/6/2017 1.0.3 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.2 93,068 12/12/2016 1.0.2 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.1 931,183 9/13/2016 1.0.1 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.0 2,271,378 6/27/2016 1.0.0 is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.
1.0.0-rc2-final 150,515 5/16/2016 1.0.0-rc2-final is deprecated because it is no longer maintained.